This is the first report of a Rieske protein from a menaquinone-utilizing organism.

It is postulated that phylloquinone is converted into menaquinone-4 and accumulates in extrahepatic tissues.

Despite this great difference, the origin of tissue menaquinone-4 has yet to be exclusively defined.

DG70 also inhibited oxygen utilization and ATP biosynthesis, which was reversed by external menaquinone supplementation.

The major menaquinone was MK-12, while MK-13 and MK-12 were minor components.

Vitamin K1 and the menaquinone family from the serum, feces and milk were separated by high performance liquid chromatography.

MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone.

Deuterium-labeled menadione was consistently converted into the labeled menaquinone-4 with all of the administration routes and the culture conditions tested.

Genes associated with amino acid metabolism, ion transport, oxygen response, menaquinone metabolism, and cell surface and phage expression were differentially expressed in the mixed culture.

There are two forms of naturally occurring vitamin K, phylloquinone and the menaquinones.

Electrons are channeled from an outward-facing formate dehydrogenase via menaquinones to a fumarate reductase located at the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.

In both mutants, the accumulation patterns of menaquinones with different prenyl side chains were similar to those of chlorophyll with the corresponding prenyl side chains.